Chapter 16 sec 2 Germany

Chapter16 Section 2
Germany
Germany
Thursday November 9, 1989 thousands of East and West Berliners gathered along the Berlin wall because the East German government announced the borders would be opened

Germany’s Struggle for Unity
103 mile-long wall built in 1961 by Communist East German government to keep its citizens from escaping to West Germany
Germany has history of being one of divisions and unifications for centuries
Divided German States
The area of Germany was part of Charlemagne's Holy Roman Empire
When he died Germany broke up into small independent political units
Ruled by princes, dukes, bishops
Often bitter rivalry and fighting among states

1500’s Protestant Reformation divided the German states more
Protestants objected to practices and teachings of the Roman Catholic Church
In 1600’s Reformation sparked 30 years of warfare between Protestants and Catholics
In late 1700’s state of Prussia (now eastern Germany) led movement to merge many German states into a single confederation
Germany defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871
The independent German states then joined the German Empire
United Germany’s Defeats
1882 Germany joined Austria-Hungary and Italy to form military alliance called Triple Alliance


World War I 1914-1918 the alliance fought against France, Russia, the United Kingdom and United States
Germany defeated and had to pay reparations to the victors
Germany suffered economically and in early 1920’s inflation ruined value of Germany’s currency
1929 worldwide economic depression left millions of Germans unemployed
1930’s Adolf Hitler and his Nazi party came into power
Hitler promised to restore Germany’s past glory and the economy
Blamed Jews and others he considered to be racially inferior for Germany’s problems
1939 Germany invaded Poland and started World War II
Hitler had ,millions of Jew, Poles, Gypsies, Slavs and others killed in concentration camps
April 1945 Germany was defeated by the Allied Countries- USA, UK, France, and Soviet Union
One People, Two countries
After WWII tensions grew between the Western Allies and Soviet Union over Germany’s future
1949 Western leaders established the democratic country of the Federal Republic of Germany –Western Germany
The Soviet Union set up Communist German Democratic Republic – East Germany
Berlin the capital was located in East Germany
American, British and French forces remained in western half of city and became part of West Germany
U.S. – Check Point Charlie


40 years Germany remained divided between East and West
In late 1989 demonstrations calling for democracy swept through Eastern Europe
It overturned East Germany’s Communist government
The new East German government announced it would open the borders
Within weeks large sections of the Berlin Wall the symblol of a divided Germany were destroyed
October 3, 1990 East and West Germany were officially reunited
Physical Characteristics
Physical regions are varied
Three bands that extend across the country
High craggy mountains to south
Hills, low peaks and plateaus in central
North flat lands
Generally mild climate due to influence of the North Sea
In southern areas humid continental climate with colder winters and warmer summers

Plains, Rivers, and Cities
Northern Germany covered by Northern Germany Plain
Part of European Plain
Hundreds of miles flat, sandy that reach North Sea and Baltic Sea
Wide rivers flow north out of highlands across the pains to the sea
Most of the plains are farmed but manufacturing and trade are important
Hamburg the largest port and second-largest city built around a harbor where the Elbe River flows into North Sea
Leading center of trade

Rostock a port is tribute toe German achievement after WWII
East Germany cut it connections with West Germany it lost its ports
Dug a new harbor crating a major port on Baltic Sea at Rostock
Berlin the capital and largest city was badly damaged during WWII
It was rebuilt
Today it is prosperous
Natural Resources and Industry
2 major Rivers – Rhine and Elbe flow through central Germany
This region is one of the most important industrial center in the world
1880’s coal deposits were found near Ruhr River
The Ruhr Valley became the first industrial center in Germany
Today it produces most of Germany iron and steel, important chemical and textile
More than 8 million people live in Duisburg, Essen, Bochum and Dortmund and smaller cites forming a huge metropolis
Eastern Part of central Germany another large industrial region
Steel, machinery, automobiles, and textiles
Power comes from lignite – pollutes air heavily


Some people in central Germany lives in small cities such as Frankfurt the banking center and Heidelberg world-famous university
Scenic Southern Germany
Southern border are the Bavarian Alps
North of the Alps land is less mountainous
Rhine and Danube rivers flow through the hilly land
Skiers and hikers enjoy the scenery
Munich is the larges city in southern Germany
Much was destroyed during WWII but has been rebuilt
Germany in the World Today
1999 Germany was the leading industrial country in Western Europe
3rd most technologically powerful economy (after US and Japan)
Leading member of the European Union

Faces several problems
Aging population
Puts strain on social security
$100 billion spent to upgrade the economy of eastern lands that were under Communist control
Unemployment, violence against foreign workers, pollution to environment

Chapter 16 sec. 1 France

Chapter 16Section 1 France
Central Western Europe
France
French sometimes call their country "the Hexagon"
Country is roughly six-sided
French have a strong national identity
Regions and Economic Activities
Historic cultural and economic regions exist
People in each region has their own traditions and way of life
Northern France
Interior of northern France is the Paris Basin
Part of the North European Plain
Large functional region
Drained by Seine and other rivers
In center of Paris Basin on the Seine is Paris
Economic, political and cultural capital of France
Paris and surrounding area is chief center of commercial industry
Raw materials shipped in from other parts of the country to make finished products
City of Lille is north of Paris
Important industrial center
Available coal for fuel from Belgium
Has had major pull factor attracting many industries
Steel mills, textile and chemical plants
Lille’s location near northern European Union countries helped it recover from recent economic problems and high unemployment
Vineyards of the Southwest
Southern France – air warmer and soil drier
Grapes thrive – wine grapes grown
Region around seaport of Bordeaux in southwestern France – reputation for producing the best wines
Town of Bordeaux
Life in Southern France
East of Bordeaux- tow mountainous areas
Massif Central and Alps
Dividing the two rugged region is the Rhone River
Massif Central lie to west of Rhone River
1/6 of France’s land area
Mix of old peaks worn and new sharper peaks
Soil is poor
littleindustry
Alps east of the Rhone
Rugged mountains
Long range – towering, snowcapped
Mont Blanc –tallest peak in Alps 15,771
Hindered movement between France and Italy for centuries
1965 engineers dug a highway tunnel through Mont Blanc
Known for fashionable ski resorts
Along the Mediterranean
Between the Alps and the Mediterranean Sea
Thin strip of low-lying land along the Mediterranean Sea
Know as the "Riviera
Attracts millions of tourists
Warm climate , famous beaches, swimming in the sea
Also know as the Cote d’Azur – Azure Coast
City of Cannes – international film festival
Nice and Saint-Tropez
Port of Marseille –busiest seaport in France
2nd most active in Western Europe

Industry in the East
Rhine Valley - East France
Europe’s busiest waterway
Forms part of France’s border with Germany
Alsace and Lorraine Provinces
Have rich natural resources
Has caused conflicts between France and Germany

Guals –native people of the area strongly influenced by cultural convergence
Adopting the Romans’ Latin language and Christian religions
As Roman Empire declined the Franks who came from area that is now Germany conquered the region
Franks gave France its name
Charlemagne became king of Franks in A.D. 768
He was the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire
included much of Western Europe
Set up efficient government
Sent missionaries to teach Christianity
Encouraged arts and leaning
When he died his empire fell
By 10th century most power was in hands of nobles

987 the nobles chose Hugh Capet as ruler of Paris and the lands around it
The lands ruled by the nobles were united under one leader
1589 border was about same as now
French kings excised absolute control
1789 the French Revolution ended the Monarchy
France has had several different forms of government
Republic of the people
Under Napoleon Bonaparte a constitutional monarchy
German took control of France in 1870
Had two invasions during WWI and WWII but were repelled with help from USA and others
Language and Culture
Language, culture, and historical unity has kept the French sense of identity
One Country, One Language
Before 1500’s French was spoken only in Paris
French kings expanded control and decreed the language of Paris become the language of all the land
Other languages are spoken in various parts of the country
Dialects are variations of a language that are unique to a region or community
Cultural Identity
French take enormous prid in their intellectual and artistic achievements
Great heroes
Philosophers- Rene Descartes, Jean-Paul Sarte, Voltaire
Painters Claude Monet and Pierre Auguste Renoir
-belonged to art school of Impressionism


Famous French designers take a lead role in setting clothing styles and influence fashion all over the world
Paris is cultural center of France
City’s atmosphere of freedom attracts artist and intellectuals from many nations
Famous art museum the Louve
Theater, ballets, opera, orchestras and cinemas
France Today
France has enjoyed a period of great prosperity following WWII
Notional planning programs to modernize economy
Encourage more balanced growth in the regions
Trade agreements with Western European neighbors
One of the leading exporters of goods in the world

Stimulated economy by Nationalizing some businesses considered vital to national interests
Privatized some government-owned companies to promote economic growth
Enacted strict economic measures
Struggled in 1990’s to over com an economic recession
Racial tensions over Muslim immigrants from North Africa

Quiz Alert!

You may have a quiz over any section in Chapter 16 Central Western Europe at any time!
I am very disappointed in the scores on your Section 1 France quiz grades!!!

Change of test day

I changed the test for chapter 14 and 15 to Tuesday January 22, 2008 so everyone has time to get well. Study you notes if you have been absent. They are all on the blog. To all of you who are out with the flu -- get well!! Be ready!!
Good luck on your test!

Chapter 14 notes

Chapter 14
Western Europe
Historical Overview
People occupied Western Europe by 35,000B.C.
Framing spread from Southwest Asia about 5400 B.C.
Farming arrived by way of Cultural Diffusion – people adopt the practices of their neighbors
Ancient Civilizations
During this time writing, cities and powerful states developed in the Middle East and spread to Greece
The Greeks made advances in art and science
They founded colonies along the Mediterranean coast of Spain, France and Italy influencing other civilizations
Rome conquered an empire that stretched form England to Southwest Asia
Germanic tribes conquered the western Roman Empire in A.D. 500
Europe then passed through the Dark Ages with centuries of poverty, disease, political upheaval and warfare.
Rebirth and Expansion
About 1400 Western Europeans began to rediscover the knowledge of the ancient Greeks and Romans
The Renaissance –rebirth- contributed to new advances in science and technology
Powerful new states developed in England, France, Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands
Sea travel and warfare advances caused exploration and colonies to be developed around the world
In Africa, Asia and the Americas the colonies produced great riches for Western Europe
Many people began to question the power of the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Reformation led to the formation of other churches that ended religious unity in Europe
Industrialization and Democracy
Industrial Revolution started in England during the 1700’s as new technological advances resulted in machines powered by water, steam, and fuel
As knowledge spread citizens of Western Europe demanded more rights and Democracy spread
Conflict and Cooperation
After 1900 conflicts between the powerful nations resulted in two world wars
In World War II German Nazis killed millions of civilians including 6 million Jews
After the end of the WWII tense rivalry called the Cold War lasted until 1989
Nations of Western Europe pursued grater political and economic cooperation and formed the European Union
Physical Characteristics
Western Europe stretches from the Scandinavian Peninsula in the north to the Iberian Peninsula in the south
Great variety of physical features- great mountains of the Alps, flat North European Plain, many rivers and fertile valleys
Climates
Tend to be milder than those of other world regions at the same latitudes
Caused by the relative locations of the oceans and land
At no point in Western Europe is it more than 300 miles to the coast
Mountains – Alps in south and along Scandinavian Peninsula crate a dryer climate by blocking the winds that ride on ocean currents
Ecosystems
Much have been altered by humans to build farms towns, and cities
7 basic varieties in the far north tundra, mid-latitude deciduous forest in the central area to chaparral in the south along the Mediterranean Sea
People and Cultures
Western Europe is one of the world’s smallest regions occupying only 3% of the world’s landmass
One of the most densely populated regions and has many cultures
Economic growth has caused much migration from around the world
Economics, Technology, and Environment
Western Europe is one of the world’s most heavily industrialized regions with many busy ports, factories and farming.

Chapter 14 and 15 Test Friday 1/18/08

Your Chapter 14 and 15 test will be this Friday. You need to study your notes. If you have not read the chapters you need to before the test.
Friday is the end of the three weeks and the test will be on your progress report.

Chapter 15 section 3 The Two Irelands

The Two Irelands
Section 3
Chapter 15
Ireland
Ireland is divided politically into two parts
Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland
Protestants and Catholics
Culturally between the descendants of native Celtic and descendants of English and Scottish immigrants
Physical Characteristics
Island shaped like bowl
Hills ring coast line
Center is a plain –drains to the river Shannon
Marine west coast climate
Emerald Isle – because it stays green most of the year
1/6 island is peat- spongy material containing waterlogged mosses and plants
Use as fuel for cooking and heating
Use to power plants that produce ¼ of nation’s electricity
Cooperation and Conflict
Celtic tribes from Europe settled in Ireland in about 300 B.C.
Viking raids lasted from 800 to 1014
Norman invaded from France in 1066
They seized land and built castles
Forbade marriages between Normans and Celts
Banned the Celtic language – Gaelic
Outlawed Celtic harp
Henry II of England declared himself Lord of Ireland in 1171
Norman lords of Ireland world not obey him
Religious Conflicts
The Reformation in the 1500’s tried to change the Roman Catholic Church
The reformers called Protestants broke with the roman Catholic Church
Most English became Protestants
Irish remained Catholics
The division to conflicts between Irish Catholics and English landlords
The Protestant minority controlled much of the wealth
The Catholics were poor
This led to cultural divergence between the Protestants and Catholics
In the 1840’s a Potato Famine hit Ireland
A Blight destroyed the potato crop for many years
The potatoes were the major source on\f nutrition
About one million Irish died of starvation
Many Irish Catholics blamed England for not providing enough aid
Push pull migration
2 million Irish emigrated in seven years
Pushed from the island by famine
Pulled by the lure of jobs most migrated to the United States
Government and Citizenship
Many Irish continued to press for independence form England through out the nineteenth century
1916-1921 rebellions
Led United Kingdom and Ireland divided the island into tow parts
Northern Ireland remand part of the United Kingdom
The rest of Ireland became a free sate under British supervision
Became totally independent in 1949 as the Republic of Ireland
Political turmoil continued
About ½ of Northern Ireland’s people are Protestant
Most Catholics support the reunification of Ireland and most Protestants oppose it
Protestant and Catholic extremist have use violence to win control of Northern Ireland
In 1944 Peace talks began
In 1999 the violence stopped with an agreement from the British Prime Minister Tony Blair
Economic Activities
1990’s government of the Republic of Ireland invested in education and modern telecommunications
Offered tax incentives that persuaded foreign high-tech companies to relocate administrative offices in Ireland
Plan was successful and economic growth was highest in Europe between 1994 and 2000
Per capita income increased and unemployment fell to 3.8 %
Pulled immigrants to Ireland
1999 Ireland adopted the euro
Inflation rose triple the European average
Housing cost skyrocketed

Chapter 15 section 4 The Nordic Nations

The Nordic Nations
Chapter 15 section 4
The people of the north call themselves Norden – means northlands
Norden includes 5 independent nations
Norway, Sweden, Finland. Denmark, and Iceland
Called Nordic nations English unified as a region by location and culture
Physical Characteristics
Identified as a region in party by its location in the northern latitudes
Some reach into the Arctic Circle
Varied Landscapes
Is a region of peninsulas and islands separated by seas, gulfs and oceans
Most continuous land masses are the Scandinavian and Jutland peninsulas terrain varies dramatically throughout the Nordic nations
Denmark is so flat its highest point is lass than 600 feet
Norway is one of the most mountainous nations in Europe
Environmental Change
Landscape on Scandinavian Peninsula product of last Ice Age
Glaciers carve out thousands of lakes across the peninsula
Remove topsoil and deposited them in Denmark and other parts of Western Europe
Rocky and difficult to farm
The jagged coastlines along the Scandinavian Peninsula were carved out by glaciers as they advanced and made deep valleys
Water filled them crating glacial valleys called fjords
Some are so deep ocean going ships can sail into them
Natural Resources
Iceland-volcanoes and glaciers exist side by side
Icelanders call their island "a land of fire and ice"
They take advantage of their islands geology ton produce geothermal energy
energy that is produced from the heat of the earth’s interior
Geothermal energy accounts for large amount of the power used for heat and electricity in Iceland
Long Winters, Short Summers
Norden’s location to the far north results in long winters and short summers "land of the midnight sun"
Midwinter sun may shine only 2-3 hours a day
Midsummer it shines for more than 20 hours
Winter is when the greenish white and red lights or the aurora borealis or t northern lights shine most brightly in the Nordic Nations
The Ocean and the Climate
The climate in most of Norden can be surprisingly mild
Half of Iceland ,all of Denmark, the west coast of Norway and southern Sweden have a mild marines west coast climate
Warm currents of the North Atlantic Drift moderate the weather and keep the coast free of ice
Shared Cultural Bonds
Understanding the Past
The Nordic nations have similar histories
Around 800 to 1050 Vikings were more than warriors
They were traders, colonizers, and explores
1397 they were joined by Queen Margrethe of Denmark
In 1523 Sweden (Finland) withdrew

Religion unites the Nordic people most belong to the Lutheran Church established during the Reformation
Except for Finnish Nordic languages have common roots
Nordic schools require students to learn English
Economic Systems
All five Nordic nations are democracies and have mixed economies
They practice a mixture of free enterprise and socialism
Denmark and Sweden have state-run daycare centers and state supported medical care
Nordic nations are politically neutral in foreign affairs
They do not take sides in international disputes
Norway refused to open its excellent harbors for military use
Forbids storage of nuclear weapons on its territory
Economic Activities
They derive their wealth from varied sources
Denmark and Southern Sweden have flat land and a mild climate suitable for agriculture
Denmark use 60% of its land for farming
Produces three time the amount of food need to feed its people
Fishing – Norwegians look to the sea
They compare it to farmland and call their offshore water the Blue Meadow
Oil and gas production
High-grade ores
forests
Idealized Nordic types, which appeared on the
cover of the Nazi journal "New People" in 1938,
pervaded Nazi propaganda. This image is part
of the show at The Andy Warhol Museum

Chapter 15 section 2 Scotland and Wales

Chapter 15 Section 2
Scotland
And
Wales

Scotland and Wales have kept their own identity and view themselves as British second.
Scotland’s Physical Characteristics
Scotland occupies about 1/3 of the land area of United Kingdom and less than 10% of its population
Rugged landscape from heavy glaciers that moved across the northern part during the last ice age
Scotland is divided into three formal regions- northern Highlands, central Lowlands and southern Uplands
The Highlands
Region of large, high plateau with lochs
Carved from retreating glaciers
Grampain Mountains cut across the region – peaks of 4,000 feet
Both coasts have deep inlets called firths
Much of Highlands covered by moors
Broad, treeless rolling plains
Dotted with bogs- wet spongy ground

Abundant rainfall from the Atlantic
Limits plant growth
Low shrubs like purple heather
Economies of fishing and sheep herding
Few people produce hand-woven woolen cloth called tweed

The Central Lowlands
About 75% of the population live in this region between Edinburgh and Glasgow
1800’s industry came
The Clyde River near Glasgow grew into a huge shipbuilding center
Major role in establishing the United Kingdom as the world’s leading naval power

Since mid-1900’s heavy industries in Scotland have fallen on hard times
1/3 of Glasgow’s residents have left since 1960
Edinburgh – home of Scotland’s parliament – the capitol city
The Southern Uplands
Closest to the English border
Primarily a sheep raising region
Tweed River valley woolen mills
Cheviot Hills – highest in the area
The plateaus were worn down by glaciers
Scottish Culture
Mining, steel making and shipbuilding have given way to modern industries
Oil in the North Sea off the northeastern shore of Scotland
Helped economy of Aberdeen
Computer and electronic business have developed along the Clyde and Tweed rivers
Clyde Valley called the Silicon Glen after California’s Silicon Valley
A glen is a narrow valley
The Act of Union in 1707 Scotland’s parliaments were united but kept important trading and political rights
Many Scots remained members of the Presbyterian Church rather than joining the Church of England

1997 Scottish voters approved the creation of a new Scottish parliament
Wales
Spirit, pride and independence exists in Wales
Has its own culture
Own capital city, postage stamps, flag and language
Strongly influenced by England that conquered it in 1284
Welsh Physical Characteristics
Wales is a peninsula of the island of Great Britain
About the size of Massachusetts
Landscape similar to Scotland
Marine west coast climate
A Separate Language
Welsh have fought for cultural independence
Most of the 2.0million people speak English but nearly 20% still speak Welsh as their fist language
Comes from Celtic peoples who lived in Wales thousands of years ago
Economic Activities
1800s and early 1900s coal mining changed the landscape and economy
Mines in Rhondda Valley north of Cardiff became some of Britain’s biggest coal producers
Mid 1900s heavy industries fell behind in technology
By 1980 most of the coal mines in Rhondda Valley had closed
Unemployment rates soared
1990s situation improve with foreign investment in Wales as in Scotland

Chapter 15 section 1 notes

Chapter 15
The British Isles and Nordic Nations
England
The islands off the northwest coast of Europe are called the British Isles
The largest island is Great Britain
Comprises 3 former independent countries
England, Scotland and Wales- together with Northern Ireland they form the United Kingdom
England is the most densely populated area holds 80% of the population

England’s Physical Characteristics
England is has 3 different areas : highlands, midlands, and lowlands
Highlands run the length of England’s west coast
Land is difficult to farm
Midlands in the southeast- coal that fueled the country’s revolution
Heavy industrial development and highest population densities


The rolling Lowlands are to the south and east of the Midlands
Land slopes gently toward the English Channel
Soil is fertile and produces abundant crops
Wheat, vegetables, also large pastures for sheep and dairy and beef cattle
Rise of London as a Trade Center
England’s farms produced surplus goods for export with other European nations
Cities grew along the rivers London was the most important
London’s location on the Thames River that is level with the Atlantic Ocean made it easy for ships to sail up easily to the port of London
Global Trade Patterns
London grew rapidly in the 1500’s because of changes in patterns of world settlement and trade
In late 1400’s improved ships and navigational devices allowed Europeans to move westward
Great Britain’s strategic central location on the Atlantic was ideal for trade
Economic Activities
In 1500’s Britain shipped mostly farm products
Looking for new ways to invest, business owners built factories to produce manufactured goods to sell to Britain’s colonies.
Britain became know as the "workshop of the world"

The Rise of Heavy Industry
Earliest technological advances in Industrial Revolution used in factories to produce textiles-used water power to run the spinning machines
Large amounts of coal along the edges of Pennine mountain range and in the northeast

Britain possessed large reserves of iron ore
The coal fields made Newcastle, Sheffield, and Birmingham the center of manufacturing
The Industrial Revolution brought wealth to Britain and spoiled its landscape
Challenges to British Industry
In late 1800’s Britain was challenged by two new industrial powers – Germany and the United States
By 1900 both made as much steel as Britain
In recent years British industry fell on hard times
Much of area’s coal supply used up
In 1970’s turned to oil and gas deposits in the North Sea
Economy has been growing steadily
Government encouraged tertiary economic activities
service industries
Finance, insurance, tourism
Member of the European Union – has not adopted the euro

Lest's get started!

Welcome to our new classroom blog. I will post questions, answers, web links, schedules, important information and discussion topics. When you want to reply use your first name, last initial and class period so I will know who you are (ex. samanthav7). If you have questions, I or one of your fellow classmates can help you out. Let's get started with our first topic. What is your favorite country in Western Europe and why?